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Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph. Significant operational improvements are required within Anglo . Twenty-two years later in Hong Kong, as I witnessed the closing moments of the British Empire, a Royal Guards band struck up the perfect hymn: "The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, Is Ended." [45] In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Uzbeks and Ottomans launched semi-coordinated military offensives against Iran. Priyanka Gupta - General Manager - AE Care & Wellbeing. - Anglo-Eastern ", Carter V. Findley, "The foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry: the beginnings of bureaucratic reform under Selm III and Mahmd II. Council of Europe, and NATO. When peace with Britain came (briefly) in 1803 Napoleon brought home his Arme d'Orient. (2000.) [10][11] The origins of the capitulations comes from Harun al Rashid and his dealings with the Frankish kingdoms, but they were also used by both his successors and by the Byzantine Empire.[11]. [43] According to traders in the Gujarat Sultanate, the Chinese Emperor ordered all Chinese Muslims to read the khutba in the name of the Ottoman Sultan, thus preventing religious disputes from spreading across his territory.[44]. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Russia returned control of Akhalkalaki, Poti, and Anapa. Anglo American is an equal opportunities employer. Suleiman selected cooperative local leaders in the newly acquired Wallachian, Moldavian, and Transylvanian Christian territories. [3], Ambassadors from the Ottoman Empire were usually appointed on a temporary and limited basis, as opposed to the resident ambassadors sent by other European nations. to Mehmed II. In a response to a coup d'tat orchestrated by the military junta of Greece to unite the island with mainland Greece, Turkey invaded the island in June 1974. [48] The coalition was organized by Pope Innocent XI and included the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire under Habsburg Emperor Leopold I, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth of John III Sobieski, and the Venetian Republic; Russia joined the League in 1686. ", David Steele, "Three British Prime Ministers and the Survival of the Ottoman Empire, 18551902. ", Robert Olson, "The Ottoman-French Treaty of 1740", Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam-1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 17891807.". Perceptions of the Muslim faith were predictably confused and generally hostile. Anglo-Eastern hiring Marine Operations Manager in Navi Mumbai Databases - Levantine Heritage Foundation: Research The Byzantine Empire was shrinking, but it held tenaciously onto its capital at Constantinople. With the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a global force following the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the early Tudors became aware that Islam was both a threat to Christianity but also a potential ally in the shifting sands of European politics and diplomacy. Anglo American hiring Business Relationship Management Specialist in Its old protector Britain was no longer a close ally. Turkish-Indian relations soured when the Mughals conquered most of India, since the Mughal Empire was a symbolic threat to the Ottoman Empire's position as the universal caliphate, despite contemplation for a Mughal-Ottoman-Uzbek alliance against Iran. Henry VIII was known to dress in fashionable Ottoman attire, appearing at courtly events dressed in Turkish silken and velvet robes, and in 1533 as he broke from Rome he entertained plans to join a Franco-Ottoman alliance to combat the Habsburg-Papal axis that united the two great European Catholic powers of Pope Clement VII and the emperor Charles V. Holbeins famous painting The Ambassadors (1533) depicts the French ambassadors who came to London that year to broker the alliance. [Anglo-Turkish Society] Online presentation: 'The British Relief ", M. Abir, "Modernisation, Reaction and Muhammad Ali's 'Empire'", F. Ismail, "The making of the treaty of Bucharest, 18111812,", Harry N. Howard, "The Balkan Wars in perspective: their significance for Turkey. The reasons for the Ottoman action were not immediately clear. Anglo American hiring Performance Coordinator in Middlemount [12], The Ottoman Empire leased the island of Cyprus to the United Kingdom in 1878. In 1586 a Turkish sailor named Chinano the Turk was publicly converted to Protestantism. With Harbornes help, Elizabeths merchants began a contraband trade shipping scrap-metal to Constantinople which was then made into munitions for the Ottomans wars with the Spanish and Persians. He conquered Egypt, leaving the Mamelukes as rulers there under a Turkish governor general. With the death of Cromwell, however, Anglo-Ottoman relations began to be strained as the restraint against English pirates also eased and caused reciprocal hot conflict in the Mediterranean. Selim realized the importance of diplomatic relations with other nations, and pushed for permanent embassies in the courts of all the great nations of Europe, a hard task because of religious prejudice towards Muslims. The British Royal Navy sank the French fleet at Battle of the Nile. This Crusade ended in defeat when the Ottomans were victorious at Varna in November 1444. By 1290, Osman I established supremacy over neighboring Turkish tribes, forming the start of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey-United Kingdom relations - Wikipedia The incumbent is responsible for HR Service delivery to the production manager. Palestine was previously a part of the Ottoman Empire. After 1923 TurcoBritish relations suddenly became friendly, and have lasted so ever since. They have also been allied several times, such as in the Crimean War. Looking East examines how English encounters with the Ottoman Empire helped shape . Selim III (17891807) in 1789 found that the Empire had been considerably reduced due to conflicts outside the realm. The battle was waged as a final part of the Caucasus campaign, but as the beginning of the Armenian-Azerbaijani war. [18], Mehmed the Conqueror (14441446, and 14511481) scored the most famous victory in Ottoman history when his army finally on 29 May 1453, captured Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. [46] Maritime links between the Ottoman Empire and the Toungoo Empire of Burma were established as late as 1545, and persisted well into the 1580s.[45]. Region: Middle East. In Transcaucasia, the Ottomans renounced their claims to most of western Georgia. [27], Selim I's son Suleiman I became known as "Suleiman the Magnificent" for his long string of military conquests[28][29] Suleiman consolidated Ottoman possessions in Europe and made the Danube the undisputed northern frontier.[30]. Indeed, this was the case during the time of Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. [62][63] Cromwell's Message to the Great Turk: What Happened Afterwards The first was Bartelemi Marcello from Venice in 1454. Anglo-Eastern entered expedition cruise sector with acquisition of CMI "For nearly 50 years, Anglo-Eastern has been managing cargo vessels, from Liked by Priyanka Gupta GP care Solutions GmbH auf der Thringen Messe vom 04.03. bis 05.03.2023, besuchen Sie uns. This treaty became the basis for future Russo-Ottoman relations. Initiated by Queen Elizabeth I upon sending the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III an organ, Anglo-Ottoman music-historical relations date back to the sixteenth century. The HR Coordinator - Operations role forms an integral part of the Operational Management team, with the responsibility of ensuring the effectiveness of the human resources within the operations. MURAT'IN TMAR ERBABINA BOR VERMESYLE LGL ARV BELGELER These forces murdered Selim's enlightened governor, ending the best rule this province had had in the last 100 years. This August marks the centenary of the Treaty of Svres, signed between the Allied powers and the Ottoman Empire in 1920. PDF ENGLAND, THE OTTOMANS AND THE BARBARY COAST IN THE LATE - Education The Capitulations enabled English merchants to trade freely throughout the Ottoman dominions, giving them preferential rates on customs duties, and also protecting any Englishman attacked by Catholics or Muslims. Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 | Military Wiki | Fandom In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared independence, although Turkey is the only country which recognises it. Its aim was to give a new shape to the Ottoman Empire which was on the brink of collapse. Anglo-Turkish relations prior to and in the aftermath of World War I (WWI). Assistant Manager Human Resources at Anglo-Eastern. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. Englands trade with Turkey, Morocco and Persia (which continued intermittently throughout this period) transformed the domestic economy of Elizabethan England, from what people ate to what they wore and even what they said. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. Join us as a Head of Programme and Partnership Development - Southern Africa.. 38, 54. page 262 note 6 Kou Bey Risalesi, p. 66. page 263 note 1 Early Christian commentators regarded Islam as either a pagan religion or a heretical belief that emerged from early Judeo-Christian theology. In 1582 their London ambassador, Bernadino de Mendoza, wrote to his superior, Philip II, complaining that the English trade is extremely profitable to them, as they take great quantities of tin and lead thither, which the Turk buys of them almost for its weight in gold, the tin being vitally necessary for the casting of guns and the lead for purposes of war. Secondly, punitive peace conditions were imposed on the Central Powers under the unprecedented demand for unconditional surrender. The Sultan declared war against Russia in October 1851. The Russians wanted no side war and thus they made peace in order to be free for the potential war with France. Murad responded with letters of his own and the pair established an affable correspondence that continued throughout the 1580s. Hamish McDougall - Executive Director - New Zealand Institute of [72], The Ottomans were concerned about the British expansion from India into the Red Sea and Arabia. [21] Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has historically been a passionate supporter of Turkey's EU aspirations. As a result, it was rarely used, apart from its use against Napoleon's expeditionary force at Gaza and Rosetta. In 1579 the Norfolk-born merchant William Harborne arrived in Constantinople to represent yet another new Elizabethan trading initiative: the Levant Company. Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 3 ", Viorel Panaite, "Power Relationships in the Ottoman Empire: The Sultans and the Tribute-Paying Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Even Henry VIIIs split from Rome in the 1530s was seen as a religious controversy involving high European politics that had little bearing on everyday life in the countrys shires. They included Egypt, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Lebanon. In alliance with Russia and Britain, the Turks were in periodic conflict with the French on both land and sea until March 1801. Anglo American hiring Head of Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning in "Rvolutions De Constantinople: France and the Ottoman World in the Age of Revolutions". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The wars reflected the decline of the Ottoman Empire and resulted in the gradual southward extension of Russia's frontier and influence into Ottoman territory. The first exchange of diplomatic missions between the Ottoman Sultans and the Muslim rulers of the Indian sub-continent dates back to the years 148182. Previous to this I completed a PhD in international history at the LSE, with research publications, higher education teaching and online course design experience. The Greeks won widespread support from elite opinion in Europe, and were aided militarily and diplomatically by Great Britain, France and Russia. ", Sevket Pamuk, "The evolution of financial institutions in the Ottoman Empire, 16001914. It would be expensive for a new army, so a new treasury ['Irad-i Cedid'] was established . What people are saying - Write a review. The war began with Russian demands to protect Christian sites in the Holy Land. "War Decision and Neoclassical Realism: The Entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War. [35][36] A 16th century Chinese gazetteer, Shaanxi tongzhi, claims that there were Han-Chinese people living in a number of Ottoman controlled towns and cities such as Beiruit, Tartus, Konya, and Istanbul. The war marked the first time Russia was involved in a western European alliance. G. R. Potter, "The Fall of Constantinople? Egypt was lost in 17981805. For a detailed account of the beginnings of Anglo-Ottoman relations with all the relevant accompanying documentary evidence; see Skilliter, S. A., William Harborne and teh trade with Turkey 1578-1582: a documetary study of the first Anglo-Ottoman relations (london, 1977). Later sultans considered replacing these tributary princes with Ottoman Muslim governors but did not do so for political, military, and financial reasons. The Clash of Empires: World War I and the Middle East The Anglo-Safavid trade prospered briefly, but the logistical and financial costs of such long-distance commerce (conducted via Russia) made it unsustainable. He expanded the Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of Wallachia in 1415. Nur Bilge Criss1 - DergiPark In the 1880s and 1890s Lord Salisbury contemplated an orderly dismemberment of it, in such a way as to reduce rivalry between the greater powers.[60]. In Australia, we operate five steelmaking coal mines in Queensland's Bowen Basin, and have additional joint venture interests in steelmaking coal and . About: Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809) The Anglo-Turkish War of 1807-1809, part of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. For many people living outside London this picture may have been true, but in recent years historical research has begun to offer a far more complicated story of this sceptered isles relations with the wider world, even beyond Europe. But his highly visible presence in London appears to have influenced Shakespeare in his portrayal of Othello a charismatic, sophisticated individual with a divided heritage but who was prepared to take on the spectre of either Ottoman or Spanish imperialism. The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost large amounts of territory. Margaret M. Jefferson, "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question, 1890-1898. British-Ottoman relations, 1661-1807 : commerce and diplomatic practice in eighteenth-century Istanbul / The British Embassy in Istanbul was unique among other diplomatic missions in the long eighteenth century in being financed by a private commercial monopoly, the Levant Company. Greater St. Louis Area. To secure its gains in these regions, Britain persuaded the Ottoman Turks to sign the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, effectively renouncing any Ottoman influence over Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. Anglo-Ottoman Anxieties in the Tempest : from - OpenEdition Turkey exports around 8% of its total goods to the United Kingdom. | Learn . IslamicusCAPITULATIONS - Islamicus ", A. Ali Balci, et al. I am Executive Director of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (NZIIA) - Whare Tawhi-a-mahi i Aotearoa. Debra Drake - Chief Financial Officer - Marketing - Anglo American The Calendar of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Virtual Events Communication Platform. According to the Turkish authorities, the latest earthquake has become the largest natural disaster in the country since 1939. Louis II was killed, thus ending the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia. Polish Diplomatic Activities in the Ottoman Empire, 1832-48: The These include some of the most influential plays of the period: Marlowes Tamburlaine (158788), which burns the Koran onstage; The Jew of Malta (1589); Kyds Spanish Tragedy (1587); and Peeles Battel of Alcazar (1589). For decades a sultan's word had had no power in outlying provinces, prompting Selim's reforms of the military in order to reimpose central control. Britain had declared its intention to support the creation of a Jewish homeland in the Balfour Declaration, 1917. Anglo American Steelmaking Coal. Much of the Moroccan elite fighting force was made up of soldiers with a Morisco heritage, which made them as much anti-Spanish as anti-Ottoman. [40] One of these merchants was Ali Akbar Khitai, who visited the Ming dynasty during the reign of Emperor Zhengde. The new army was dissolved by reactionary elements with the overthrow of Selim in 1807, but it became the model of the new Ottoman Army created later in the 19th century. [19][20] Towards the end of the 15th century, the Ottomans began to play a larger role in the Italian Peninsula. A Historical Case of Anglo-Ottoman Musical Interactions: The English The Treaty of Paris signed 30 March 1856, ended the war. Join us as a Head of Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning.. ", Jefferson, Margaret M. "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question, 1890-1898. During his time there he signed the first English alliance with Murad called the Capitulations, which remained in place until 1923 when the Ottoman Empire finally fell. Indeed, Shakespeares Othello (c1601) seems to have been influenced by Anglo-Moroccan relations that reached their high point in the summer of 1600, when the Moroccan ambassador Muhammad al-Annuri arrived with his entourage in London and presented his diplomatic credentials to the queen. %%EOF They returned to the Tihamah in 1849 after an absence of two centuries. ", A.J.P. The main battles were fought on land in Anatolia/Caucasus and Rumelia. [2], Turkey and the United Kingdom maintain very good bilateral relations. Anglo American hiring Human Resources Coordinator in Moranbah Power, Civil Society and Culture in the Ottoman Empire Russia replied by declaring war on 1 November 1914 and Russia's allies, Britain and France, then declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914. In June 1580 came the first capitulatory agreement with England. A little over a year later in 1975, there was also a flow of roughly 60,000 Turkish Cypriots from the south to the north after the conflict. [5] Britain and Turkey are both members of the G20, Is America's Alliance with Turkey Doomed? - The National Interest Ottoman expeditions to the sultanates of Gujarat, Bijapur, and Ahmednagar were motivated by mutual anti-Portuguese sentiment; Ottoman artillery contributed to the fall of the pro-Portuguese Vijayanagara Empire. It was a decade in which Shakespeare followed rather than set fashion: he refers to Turks in 13 of his plays. The exception, which underlay all other elements, was commerce. Erzurum on 9 July 1919 and . Signed, but never ratified, the long-lasting impact of the . In 1836, a Foreign Ministry was created. Despite memories of the terrible defeat at Mohcs in 1526, elite Hungarian attitudes were become strongly anti-Russian This led to active support for the Turks in the media, but only in a peaceful way, since the foreign policy of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy remained neutral.[81]. The Battle of Baku, also known as the Liberation of Baku, was a World War I battle that took place between August and September 1918 between the Ottoman-Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and the later Soviet forces between Bolshevik and Dashnak Baku, which the British later succeeded Armenian-Belarusian forces, led by Lionel Dunsterville, saw briefly how Soviet Russia was entering the war again. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkeys relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (192947). PDF THE GREATEST DIASTER: THE FAILURE OF GREAT BRITAIN'S A Thesis by - DTIC [80], A surprising consequence came in Hungary (part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). more Russia obtained trading rights on the Danube. [57], As the 19th century progressed, the Ottoman Empire grew weaker and Britain increasingly became its protector, even fighting the Crimean War in the 1850s to help it out against Russia. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. According to Kemal Karpat: This decision ultimately led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Ottomans, the Armenian genocide, the dissolution of the empire, and the abolition of the Islamic Caliphate.[89]. [14] The UK is a signatory to the Treaty of Guarantee, together with Greece and Turkey concerning the independence and status of Cyprus. [25] In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512. ", Margaret M. Jefferson, "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question, 1890-1898. [54], Naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov. The President of Turkey Kenan Evren paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in July 1988. In the reign of Murad II (14211451) there were successful naval wars with Venice and Milan. The Ottoman Empire allied itself with Germany in the First World War, and lost. In the nineteenth century, however, conversion to Islam was . The Black Sea was demilitarized, and an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube River. Peabody Energy. The Ottoman Empire and Russia, with their weak industrial bases, could not keep up with the major powers, so they could no longer promote stability. [79], The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 saw the Ottomans lose to a coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. It was a leathery old aficionado of Anglo-Saxon, sitting in a darkened room many leagues below the Equator, who lovingly drew this to my attention. The Motives, Pattern and Form of Anglo-Ottoman Diplomatic Relations c. 1580-1661- Liane Saunders, 1993 Salonica. The latter appears to be somewhat more complete. A. ", "Military Casualties-World War-Estimated", Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in, Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well-established traditional political powers. Anglo-Chinese Relations 1839-1860: A Calendar of Chinese Documents in the British Foreign Office Records, by J Y Wong -19-726014-4 hbk 1983 available from Oxbow. [Show full abstract] Egyptian-Ottoman Agreement of 1906, British participation in the final implementation of the Treaty of Erzurum in 1911-1914, and Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 and 1914 . [41] The Ming Shilu also records Ottoman envoys reaching China in 1423, 1425, 1427, 1443-1445, 1459, 1525-1527, 1543-1544, 1548, 1554, 1559, 1564, 1576, 1581, and 1618. The British had played a major role in politically supporting the Ottoman Empire once it came under threat from Russia and also helped negotiate the end of Mehmed Ali's brief occupation of Syria. In 1914, the old Ottoman enemy Russia was at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Constantinople distrusted London for its role in Egypt. In this detailed study, Michael Talbot shows how the intimate . Intelligence began to focus on railways that threatened Britain's commercial position, on the disposition of Arab tribes who might revolt against Turkish authority, on the state of the Turkish army, and on the extent Anglo-Ottoman Relations and the Image of the Turk in "Turkey and Britain: from enemies to allies, 1914-1939. (242.p)to Cem, 169(1484? %PDF-1.7 % The European powers rejected that solution and met at the Congress of Berlin. William Langlands Piers Plowman (137086) described the Prophet Muhammad as a Cristene man pursuing the wrong beliefs, while Chaucers Canterbury Tales (13871400) spoke of the strange nacioun of Syria. by Duke University Press Article PDF first page preview In the early 20th century Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence soon followed. hb``` ,B cb@B > Z\Q++@j(}13/Mg^g$ s}fh7B " L@'24?:p3&}~;7000;xBr.o/)2I0QU6X@ ; (381 p),260(pasha of Sendro), 263, letter, Volume II: letter:140. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. [16] After the Habsburgs inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580, Dutch forces attacked their Portuguese trading rivals while the Turks, supportive of the Dutch bid for independence, attacked the Habsburgs in Eastern Europe. [32] According to John Norton, additional weaknesses of Suleiman included his conscription of Christian children, maltreatment of subject peoples, and obsession with his own prestige. The emphasis, however, is on how Ottoman officialdom perceived a British shift from the Crimean system during the 1870s and interpreted Gladstonianism. 191 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7DA8CB34545AED41A626FFA9E3810843>]/Index[174 31]/Info 173 0 R/Length 93/Prev 405579/Root 175 0 R/Size 205/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Ottoman Empire | Facts, History, & Map - Encyclopedia Britannica Answer (1 of 7): Short Answer Yes, the British Empire defeated the Ottomans in World War I. Elizabeth was by this time writing cordial letters to Sultan Murad III proposing an anti-Spanish political-religious alliance. Early Anglo-Ottoman diplomatic relations have received. The Battle of Baku, also known as the Liberation of Baku, was a World War I battle that took place between August and September 1918 between the Ottoman-Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and the later Soviet forces between Bolshevik and Dashnak Baku, which the British later succeeded -Armenian-Belarusian forces, led by Lionel The state of Turkey and the USA has not been mentioned; in relation to the "F 35 Lightning" program; their build slot having been vacated as a result of relevant purchase of Russian anti-aircraft missile systems. The churches quickly settled that problem, but it escalated out of hand as Russia put continuous pressure on the Ottomans. In the late 1580s Harborne was also encouraged by Elizabeths spymaster Francis Walsingham to persuade Murad to engage the Spanish fleet in the Mediterranean in an attempt to disrupt plans for the Armada that finally set sail in 1588. Anglo-Ottoman Relations and the Question of the Aegean Islands 1912-14: A Reassessment by Gul Tokay This article re-assesses Anglo-Ottoman relations and the origins of World War I between 1912 and 1914, namely from the emergence of the Balkan Crisis until the Ottoman-German alliance of 2 August 1914.