Nighthawk Luxury Wheels, What Is Timely Filing For Regence?, Articles T

Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Treatment. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. 22. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders . Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Thirst. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Loss of appetite. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Has something like this ever happened to you? There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. As we grow older, we sleep less. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. . Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Diarrhea. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. 23. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Loss of appetite. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. 1. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. Test 1: Quizes 1-4 Flashcards | Chegg.com These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious.